RADAR TULUNGAGUNG – Bung Tomo emerged as one of the most influential figures in Indonesia’s struggle for independence, using powerful radio broadcasts to rally resistance against British and Dutch-backed forces during the Battle of Surabaya in November 1945. His speeches transformed him into a national symbol of courage and helped cement November 10 as Indonesia’s Heroes Day.

Born as Sutomo on October 3, 1920, in Surabaya, Bung Tomo became widely known for his fiery oratory and unwavering commitment to defending Indonesia’s newly declared independence. At just 25 years old, he played a central role in mobilizing public resistance at a critical moment when the young republic faced mounting external threats.

His legacy extends beyond the battlefield. Through journalism, radio broadcasting, political activism, and public service, Bung Tomo helped shape the national consciousness of Indonesia during its formative years.

Early Life and Journey Into Nationalism

Bung Tomo grew up in a modest household during the late Dutch colonial era. Economic hardship forced him to work from a young age, helping support his family after his father lost his job during an economic downturn.

As a teenager, he joined the Indonesian scouting movement affiliated with Parindra (Partai Indonesia Raya), where he developed leadership skills and a strong sense of nationalism. The organization introduced him to prominent nationalist thinkers and strengthened his commitment to Indonesia’s independence movement.

His interest in communication and public affairs led him into journalism. Before reaching adulthood, he was already contributing articles to newspapers and later became an editor for nationalist publications. During the Japanese occupation, he worked for the Domei News Agency in East Java, a position that allowed him to interact with future Indonesian leaders, including Sukarno and Mohammad Hatta.

Following Indonesia’s proclamation of independence on August 17, 1945, Bung Tomo helped disseminate the news through local broadcasts and became head of the Antara news agency office in Surabaya.

Bung Tomo’s Radio Speeches and the Battle of Surabaya

Bung Tomo reached the height of his influence during the turbulent months following independence. Concerned by attempts to restore Dutch colonial rule through the returning Netherlands Indies Civil Administration (NICA), he established Radio Pemberontakan on October 12, 1945.

Using the station, Bung Tomo delivered daily speeches urging Indonesians to defend their newly won freedom. His broadcasts reached audiences throughout Java and beyond, encouraging volunteers from different regions to join the struggle in Surabaya.

One of his most famous messages declared that Indonesians would never surrender as long as the nation’s red blood could continue to color the white cloth into the red-and-white flag.

The impact of these broadcasts became especially significant during the Battle of Surabaya on November 10, 1945, when Indonesian fighters confronted British forces. Bung Tomo’s emotional appeals helped sustain morale among resistance fighters and civilians despite overwhelming military pressure.

His message also reached international audiences through cooperation with K’tut Tantri, an American-Scottish activist who translated anti-colonial messages into English. Historians have credited this effort with helping international observers better understand Indonesia’s independence struggle.

Political Career, Criticism of Power, and Lasting Legacy

After the revolutionary period, Bung Tomo remained active in national affairs. He participated in politics, helped establish Partai Rakyat Indonesia ahead of the 1955 general election, and served as a member of parliament.

He also held positions in government, including serving as Minister of State for Former Armed Fighters and Acting Minister of Social Affairs during the parliamentary democracy era.

Despite his revolutionary credentials, Bung Tomo frequently criticized those in power. His relationship with successive governments often became strained because of his outspoken views. During the New Order era under Suharto, he openly challenged policies he believed deviated from the ideals of independence.

In 1978, authorities detained him after he criticized several government projects, including the development of TMII. Supporters viewed his imprisonment as evidence of his enduring commitment to principle over political convenience.

Bung Tomo died on October 7, 1981, while performing the Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. He passed away during the wuquf ritual at Arafah before his body was returned to Surabaya for burial.

Today, Bung Tomo remains one of Indonesia’s most revered national heroes. His voice, carried across radio waves during the nation’s darkest hours, continues to symbolize resistance, patriotism, and the determination to defend freedom at any cost.